SW006013【PDF 47/246 页】C COMPILER MPLAB FOR DSPIC DSC

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Standard C Libraries

2.13

<STDIO.H> INPUT AND OUTPUT

The header file stdio.h consists of types, macros and functions that provide support

to perform input and output operations on files and streams. When a file is opened it is

associated with a stream. A stream is a pipeline for the flow of data into and out of files.

Because different systems use different properties, the stream provides more uniform

properties to allow reading and writing of the files.

Streams can be text streams or binary streams. Text streams consist of a sequence of

characters divided into lines. Each line is terminated with a newline (‘ \n ’) character. The

characters may be altered in their internal representation, particularly in regards to line

endings. Binary streams consist of sequences of bytes of information. The bytes trans-

mitted to the binary stream are not altered. There is no concept of lines - the file is just

a series of bytes.

At start-up three streams are automatically opened: stdin , stdout , and stderr . stdin

provides a stream for standard input, stdout is standard output and stderr is the stan-

dard error. Additional streams may be created with the fopen function. See fopen for

the different types of file access that are permitted. These access types are used by

fopen and freopen .

The type FILE is used to store information about each opened file stream. It includes

such things as error indicators, end-of-file indicators, file position indicators, and other

internal status information needed to control a stream. Many functions in the stdio use

FILE as an argument.

There are three types of buffering: unbuffered, line buffered and fully buffered. Unbuf-

fered means a character or byte is transferred one at a time. Line buffered collects and

transfers an entire line at a time (i.e., the newline character indicates the end of a line).

Fully buffered allows blocks of an arbitrary size to be transmitted. The functions setbuf

and setvbuf control file buffering.

The stdio.h file also contains functions that use input and output formats. The input

formats, or scan formats, are used for reading data. Their descriptions can be found

under scanf , but they are also used by fscanf and sscanf . The output formats, or print

formats, are used for writing data. Their descriptions can be found under printf .

These print formats are also used by fprintf , sprintf , vfprintf , vprintf and

vsprintf .

2.13.1

Compiler Options

Certain compiler options may affect how standard I/O performs. In an effort to provide

a more tailored version of the formatted I/O routines, the tool chain may convert a call

to a printf or scanf style function to a different call. The options are summarized

below:

?The -msmart-io option, when enabled, will attempt to convert printf , scanf

and other functions that use the input output formats to an integer only variant.

The functionality is the same as that of the C standard forms, minus the support

for floating-point output. -msmart-io=0 disables this feature and no conversion

will take place. -msmart-io=1 or -msmart-io (the default) will convert a func-

tion call if it can be proven that an I/O function will never be presented with a

floating-point conversion. -msmart-io=2 is more optimistic than the default and

will assume that non-constant format strings or otherwise unknown format

strings will not contain a floating-point format. In the event that -msmart-io=2 is

used with a floating-point format, the format letter will appear as literal text and

its corresponding argument will not be consumed.

? 2008 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS51456E-page 43

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